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The journal of the scientific aspects of loading isotopic fuels into materials
ISSN# 1072-2874 Published Quarterly  ©'2011  Cold Fusion Times


COLD FUSION TIMES
PHYSICS AND MATERIAL SCIENCE PAGE

   From the JET Energy, Inc. Website:
Dr. Mitchell Swartz:  "Cold fusion is the fusion of two heavy hydrogen nuclei to form a helium nucleus at near room temperature.  Cold fusion happens when we take heavy hydrogen and we load it into a metal such as palladium, much as water is loaded into a sponge.  When the hydrogen loading reaches a certain sufficient threshold level, then all of the sites in the metal lattice that are available become filled. If we keep pushing harder, then the lattice continues to fill, and if we continue to push in a sufficient amount, then eventually, if the conditions are correct and if we actually have prepared the metal a little bit, then we know that there are certain sites in the loaded metal where these desired reactions occur.  Cold fusion then does occur.  Under the appropriate conditions, some of these pieces of palladium appear to generate reactions that involve heat directly from the generation of new (de novo) helium-4."
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POWER AND MATERIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD

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COLD FUSION IS IMPORTANT

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EARLY PROBLEMS WERE MATERIALS-RELATED

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ASH PRODUCED BY COLD FUSION REACTIONS

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Reference Information [papers, conference proceedings, books]
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COLD FUSION IS DRIVEN BY LOADING

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QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL (Q1D) MODELS


From the JET Energy, Inc. Website:
JET Energy:  MORE EFFICIENT WATER HEATERS

Reaction container's core temperature and input electrical power

This figure shows the results of a cold fusion system.  The graph includes the heavy water reaction container's core temperature, along with the input electrical power to both the heavy water deuteron-loaded system, and an electrical control, each as a function of time. Notice that there is a control period of no electrical input, then a period of deuterium-loading of the palladium from the heavy water, then a second period of no input, then that followed by electrical input only to the electrical control [consisting of an ohmic electrical resistor for joule (thermal) heating].
It can be seen that for equivalent input electrical power that there develops a core temperature in the heavy water reaction container that is much higher in the loaded metal when compared to the thermal (joule) control.
Runs such as this, over much longer times are used to determine device performance as a function of input electrical power.


Swartz, M, "Improved Electrolytic Reactor PerformanceUsing p-Notch System Operation and Gold Anodes, Transactions of the American Nuclear Association, Nashville, Tenn Meeting, (ISSN:0003-018X publisher LaGrange, Ill) 78, 84-85 (1998)
Swartz. M., "Patterns of Failure in Cold Fusion Experiments", Proceedings of the 33RD Intersociety Engineering Conference on Energy Conversion, IECEC-98-I229, Colorado Springs, CO, August 2-6, (1998)


From the JET Energy, Inc. Website:

EXCESS HEAT OBSERVED REPRODUCIBLY WITH TIME-INTEGRATION, NOISE MEASUREMENT, USE OF CONTROLS.
THIS IS THERMAL SPECTROSCOPY WHICH PERMITS IMPROVED SAMPLE INVESTIGATIONS

PALLADIUM SYSTEMS


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From  the JET Energy, Inc. Website:

JET Energy:  PHUSOR Technology

PHUSOR CLOSE UP
Asymmetric Electrolysis  At a Spiral Wound Cathode

This figure demonstrates an important finding of this system - asymmetric electrolysis which is seen on only one side of the cathode (which is facing the anode).  In this high voltage system (~1500 volts), videos (including those shown at ICCF-10 by Dr. Mitchell Swartz, of which the above figure is a single frame grab) have demonstrated that cathodic electrolysis bubbling occurs, if the conditions are appropriate, almost solely on the anode-side (left hand portion of the spiral wound cathode in the photo) of this PHUSOR palladium cathode.

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